Class HeatTransfer

java.lang.Object

org.episteme.natural.physics.classical.thermodynamics.HeatTransfer

public class HeatTransfer
extends Object

Heat transfer calculations.

Since:

1.0

Author:

Silvere Martin-Michiellot, Gemini AI (Google DeepMind)

Field Summary

Fields

Modifier and Type	Field	Description
static final Real	K_AIR
static final Real	K_ALUMINUM
static final Real	K_CONCRETE
static final Real	K_COPPER
static final Real	K_GLASS
static final Real	K_STEEL
static final Real	K_WATER
static final Real	K_WOOD
static final Real	STEFAN_BOLTZMANN	Stefan-Boltzmann constant (W/(m²·K⁴))

Constructor Summary

Constructors

Constructor	Description
HeatTransfer()

Method Summary

Modifier and Type	Method	Description
static Real	biotNumber(Real h, Real characteristicLength, Real k)	Biot number: ratio of convection to conduction.
static Real	conduction(Real k, Real area, Real deltaT, Real thickness)	Conductive heat transfer (Fourier's law).
static Real	convection(Real h, Real area, Real deltaT)	Convective heat transfer (Newton's law of cooling).
static Real	fourierNumber(Real thermalDiffusivity, Real time, Real length)	Fourier number: dimensionless time for transient conduction.
static Real	heatExchangerEffectiveness(Real NTU, Real capacityRatio)	Heat exchanger effectiveness (NTU method).
static Real	lmtd(Real deltaT1, Real deltaT2)	Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) for heat exchangers.
static Real	nusseltDittusBoelter(Real Re, Real Pr, boolean heating)	Nusselt number for turbulent flow in a pipe (Dittus-Boelter).
static Real	overallHeatTransferCoefficient(Real h1, Real h2, Vector<Real> thicknesses, Vector<Real> conductivities)	Overall heat transfer coefficient for composite wall. 1/U = 1/h₁ + Σ(d_i/k_i) + 1/h₂
static Real	radiation(Real emissivity, Real area, Real T1, Real T2)	Radiative heat transfer (Stefan-Boltzmann law).
static Real	thermalResistanceConduction(Real thickness, Real k, Real area)	Thermal resistance for conduction.
static Real	thermalResistanceConvection(Real h, Real area)	Thermal resistance for convection.

Methods inherited from class Object

clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait

Field Details

STEFAN_BOLTZMANN

public static final Real STEFAN_BOLTZMANN

Stefan-Boltzmann constant (W/(m²·K⁴))

K_COPPER

public static final Real K_COPPER

K_ALUMINUM

public static final Real K_ALUMINUM

K_STEEL

public static final Real K_STEEL

K_GLASS

public static final Real K_GLASS

K_CONCRETE

public static final Real K_CONCRETE

K_WOOD

public static final Real K_WOOD

K_AIR

public static final Real K_AIR

K_WATER

public static final Real K_WATER

Constructor Details

HeatTransfer

public HeatTransfer()

Method Details

conduction

public static Real conduction(Real k,
 Real area,
 Real deltaT,
 Real thickness)

Conductive heat transfer (Fourier's law). Q = k * A * ΔT / d

convection

public static Real convection(Real h,
 Real area,
 Real deltaT)

Convective heat transfer (Newton's law of cooling). Q = h * A * (T_s - T_∞)

radiation

public static Real radiation(Real emissivity,
 Real area,
 Real T1,
 Real T2)

Radiative heat transfer (Stefan-Boltzmann law). Q = ε * σ * A * (T₁⁴ - T₂⁴)

thermalResistanceConduction

public static Real thermalResistanceConduction(Real thickness,
 Real k,
 Real area)

Thermal resistance for conduction. R = d / (k * A)

thermalResistanceConvection

public static Real thermalResistanceConvection(Real h,
 Real area)

Thermal resistance for convection. R = 1 / (h * A)

overallHeatTransferCoefficient

public static Real overallHeatTransferCoefficient(Real h1,
 Real h2,
 Vector<Real> thicknesses,
 Vector<Real> conductivities)

Overall heat transfer coefficient for composite wall. 1/U = 1/h₁ + Σ(d_i/k_i) + 1/h₂

lmtd

public static Real lmtd(Real deltaT1,
 Real deltaT2)

Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) for heat exchangers.

heatExchangerEffectiveness

public static Real heatExchangerEffectiveness(Real NTU,
 Real capacityRatio)

Heat exchanger effectiveness (NTU method).

biotNumber

public static Real biotNumber(Real h,
 Real characteristicLength,
 Real k)

Biot number: ratio of convection to conduction.

fourierNumber

public static Real fourierNumber(Real thermalDiffusivity,
 Real time,
 Real length)

Fourier number: dimensionless time for transient conduction.

nusseltDittusBoelter

public static Real nusseltDittusBoelter(Real Re,
 Real Pr,
 boolean heating)

Nusselt number for turbulent flow in a pipe (Dittus-Boelter).